Overwhelmed by beauty and faith: review on artistic and religious travelers' syndromes.

Traveling with the intention of encountering art or seeking purification of the spirit involves retribution of intangible nature and therefore can be expected to be a positive experience; nevertheless, among susceptible travelers, there is also a possibility of experiencing pathological conditions. Although it is colloquially known that beauty lies in the eyes of the beholder, it is necessary to mention that the appreciation of beauty, immensity, or mysticism contained in masterpieces is not perceived only through the eyes but through other sense organs as well. Additionally, this is understood within a cultural framework and through previous knowledge. The reaction triggers a series of somatosensory responses of diverse nature, with a wide range of responses that together constitute a pathological phenomenon that can be defined as syndromic by eliciting signs and symptoms of a physical, physiological, and psychotic nature. Both Stendhal and Jerusalem syndromes are travelers' syndromes that may occur in response to objectively aesthetic elements saturated with meaning linked to the cultural heritage of contemporary humanity. While Stendhal syndrome evokes physical and psychoemotional symptoms from the contemplation of art, Jerusalem syndrome goes beyond perception, adding delusions of being a religious or prophetic protagonist pursuing individual or collective salvation.

Association between the Thickness of Lumbar Subcutaneous Fat Tissue and the Presence of Hernias in Adults with Persistent, Non-Traumatic Low Back Pain.

We aimed to analyze the association between the average lumbar subcutaneous fat tissue thickness (LSFTT) at each intervertebral level and the presence of hernias in patients with low back pain from an insurance network hospital in Mexico. This observational prospective study included 174 patients with non-traumatic lumbago who underwent magnetic resonance imaging with a 1.5T resonator. Two independent radiologists made the diagnosis, and a third specialist provided a quality vote when needed. The sample size was calculated with a 95% confidence interval using random order selection. Anonymized secondary information was used. Percentages and means with confidence intervals were tabulated. The area under the curve, specificity, and sensitivity of LSFTT were calculated. A regression analysis was performed to analyze the presence of hernias with LSFTT using each intervertebral level as a predictor. The odds of herniation at any intervertebral level increased directly with LSFTT. The average LSFTT predicted the overall presence of hernias; however, the LSFTT at each intervertebral level better predicted hernias for each intervertebral space. The area under the curve for LSFTT in predicting hernias was 68%. In conclusion, the average LSFTT was associated with the overall presence of hernias; patients with more hernias had higher LSFTT values.

Increased prevalence of Kidney cysts in individuals carrying heterozygous COL4A3 or COL4A4 pathogenic variants.

BACKGROUND: Clinical variability among individuals with heterozygous pathogenic/likely pathogenic (P/LP) variants in the COL4A3/COL4A4 genes (also called autosomal dominant Alport syndrome or COL4A3/COL4A4 related disorder) is huge; many individuals are asymptomatic or show microhematuria, while others may develop proteinuria and chronic kidney disease (CKD). The prevalence of simple kidney cysts (KC) in the general population varies according to age, and patients with advanced CKD are prone to have them. A possible association between heterozygous COL4A3, COL4A4, and COL4A5 P/LP variants and KC has been described in small cohorts. The presence of KC in a multicenter cohort of individuals with heterozygous P/LP variants in the COL4A3/COL4A4 genes is assessed in this study. METHODS: We evaluated the presence of KC by ultrasound in 157 individuals with P/LP variants in COL4A3 (40.7%) or COL4A4 (53.5%) without kidney replacement therapy. The association between presence of KC and age, proteinuria, eGFR, and causative gene was analyzed. Prevalence of KC was compared with historical case series in the general population. RESULTS: Half of the individuals with P/LP variants in COL4A3/COL4A4 showed KC, which is a significantly higher percentage than in the general population. Only 3.8% (6/157) had cystic nephromegaly. Age and eGFR showed an association with the presence of KC (p<0.001). No association was found between KC and proteinuria, sex, or causative gene. CONCLUSIONS: Individuals with COL4A3/COL4A4 P/LP variants are prone to develop KC more frequently than the general population, and their presence is related to age and to eGFR. Neither proteinuria, sex nor the causative gene influences the presence of KC in these individuals.

Molecular interactions between perlecan LG3 and the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor binding domain.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a global health crisis with significant clinical morbidity and mortality. While angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the primary receptor for viral entry, other cell surface and extracellular matrix proteins may also bind to the viral receptor binding domain (RBD) within the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Recent studies have implicated heparan sulfate proteoglycans, specifically perlecan LG3, in facilitating SARS-CoV-2 binding to ACE2. However, the role of perlecan LG3 in SARS-CoV-2 pathophysiology is not well understood. In this study, we investigated the binding interactions between the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein RBD and perlecan LG3 through molecular modeling simulations and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) experiments. Our results indicate stable binding between LG3 and SARS-CoV-2 spike protein RBD, which may potentially enhance RBD-ACE2 interactions. These findings shed light on the role of perlecan LG3 in SARS-CoV-2 infection and provide insight into SARS-CoV-2 pathophysiology and potential therapeutic strategy for COVID-19.

Quantitative EEG analysis in typical absence seizures: unveiling spectral dynamics and entropy patterns.

A typical absence seizure is a generalized epileptic event characterized by a sudden, brief alteration of consciousness that serves as a hallmark for various generalized epilepsy syndromes. Distinguishing between similar interictal and ictal electroencephalographic (EEG) epileptiform patterns poses a challenge. However, quantitative EEG, particularly spectral analysis focused on EEG rhythms, shows potential for differentiation. This study was designed to investigate discernible differences in EEG spectral dynamics and entropy patterns during the pre-ictal and post-ictal periods compared to the interictal state. We analyzed 20 EEG ictal patterns from 11 patients with confirmed typical absence seizures, and assessed recordings made during the pre-ictal, post-ictal, and interictal intervals. Power spectral density (PSD) was used for the quantitative analysis that focused on the delta, theta, alpha, and beta bands. In addition, we measured EEG signal regularity using approximate (ApEn) and multi-scale sample entropy (MSE). Findings demonstrate a significant increase in delta and theta power in the pre-ictal and post-ictal intervals compared to the interictal interval, especially in the posterior brain region. We also observed a notable decrease in entropy in the pre-ictal and post-ictal intervals, with a more pronounced effect in anterior brain regions. These results provide valuable information that can potentially aid in differentiating epileptiform patterns in typical absence seizures. The implications of our findings are promising for precision medicine approaches to epilepsy diagnoses and patient management. In conclusion, our quantitative analysis of EEG data suggests that PSD and entropy measures hold promise as potential biomarkers for distinguishing ictal from interictal epileptiform patterns in patients with confirmed or suspected typical absence seizures.

Interfacial Hyperactivation of Candida rugosa Lipase onto Ca2Fe2O5 Nanoparticles: pH and Ionic Strength Fine-Tuning to Modulate Protein-Support Interactions.

The current study provides a comprehensive look of the adsorption process of Candida rugosa lipase (CRL) on Ca2Fe2O5 iron oxide nanoparticles (NPs). Protein-support interactions were identified across a broad range of pH and ionic strengths (mM) through a response surface methodology, surface charge determination, and spectroscopic and in silico analyses. The maximum quantity of immobilized protein was achieved at an ionic strength of 50 mM and pH 4. However, this condition did not allow for the greatest hydrolytic activity to be obtained. Indeed, it was recorded at acidic pH, but at 150 mM, where evaluation of the recovered activity revealed hyperactivation of the enzyme. These findings were supported by adsorption isotherms performed under different conditions. Based on zeta potential measurements, electrostatic interactions contributed differently to protein-support binding under the conditions tested, showing a strong correlation with experimentally determined immobilization parameters. Raman spectra revealed an increase in hydrophobicity around tryptophan residues, whereas the enzyme immobilization significantly reduced the phenylalanine signal in CRL. This suggests that this residue was involved in the interaction with Ca2Fe2O2 and molecular docking analysis confirmed these findings. Fluorescence spectroscopy showed distinct behaviors in the CRL emission patterns with the addition of Ca2Fe2O5 at pH 4 and 7. The calculated thermodynamic parameters indicated that the contact would be mediated by hydrophobic interactions at both pHs, as well as by ionic ones at pH 4. In this approach, this work adds to our understanding of the design of biocatalysts immobilized in iron oxide NPs.

Live and let live: understanding the temporal drivers and spillovers of life expectancy in Europe for public planning.

The European continent has one of the longest life expectancies in the world, but still faces a significant challenge to meet the health targets set by the Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations for 2030. To improve the understanding of the rationale that guides health outcomes in Europe, this study assesses the direction and magnitude effects of the drivers that contribute to explain life expectancy at birth across 30 European countries for the period 2008-2018 at macro-level. For this purpose, an aggregated health production function is used allowing for spatial effects. The results indicate that an increase in the income level, health expenditure, trade openness, education attainment, or urbanisation might lead to an increase in life expectancy at birth, whereas calories intake or quantity of air pollutants have a negative impact on this health indicator. This implies that health policies should look beyond economic factors and focus also on social and environmental drivers. The results also indicate the existence of significant spillover effects, highlighting the need for coordinated European policies that account for the synergies between countries. Finally, a foresight analysis is conducted to obtain projections for 2030 under different socioeconomic pathways. Results reveal significant differences on longevity projections depending on the adoption, or not, of a more sustainable model of human development and provides valuable insight on the need for anticipatory planning measures to make longer life-spans compatible with the maintenance of the welfare state.

A Large Case-Control Study Performed in Spanish Population Suggests That RECQL5 Is the Only RECQ Helicase Involved in Breast Cancer Susceptibility.

Around 50% of the familial breast cancer (BC) cases are estimated to be caused by germline variants in known low-, moderate-, and high-risk susceptibility genes, while the other half is of unknown genetic origin. In the present study, we wanted to evaluate the role of the RECQ helicases, some of which have been studied in the past as candidates, with unclear results about their role in the disease. Using next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology, we analyzed the whole coding sequence of BLM, RECQL1, RECQL4, RECQL5, and WRN in almost 2000 index cases from BC Spanish families that had previously tested negative for the known BC susceptibility genes (BRCAX) and compared the results with the controls extracted from gnomAD. Our results suggest that BLM, RECQL1, RECQL4, and WRN do not play a major role in BC susceptibility. However, in the combined analysis, joining the present results with those previously reported in a series of 1334 BC Spanish patients and controls, we found a statistically significant association between Loss of Function (LoF) variants in RECQL5 and BC risk, with an OR of 2.56 (p = 0.009; 95% CI, 1.18-4.98). Our findings support our previous work and places the RECQL5 gene as a new moderate-risk BC gene.

Correction: Pérez et al. Use of Nanotechnology to Mitigate Biofouling in Stainless Steel Devices Used in Food Processing, Healthcare, and Marine Environments. Toxics 2022, 10, 35.

The authors would like to make corrections to their published paper [...].

Use of Nanotechnology to Mitigate Biofouling in Stainless Steel Devices Used in Food Processing, Healthcare, and Marine Environments.

In humid environments, the formation of biofilms and microfouling are known to be the detrimental processes that first occur on stainless steel surfaces. This is known as biofouling. Subsequently, the conditions created by metabolites and the activity of organisms trigger corrosion of the metal and accelerate corrosion locally, causing a deterioration in, and alterations to, the performance of devices made of stainless steel. The microorganisms which thus affect stainless steel are mainly algae and bacteria. Within the macroorganisms that then damage the steel, mollusks and crustaceans are the most commonly observed. The aim of this review was to identify the mechanisms involved in biofouling on stainless steel and to evaluate the research done on preventing or mitigating this problem using nanotechnology in humid environments in three areas of human activity: food manufacturing, the implantation of medical devices, and infrastructure in marine settings. Of these protective processes that modify the steel surfaces, three approaches were examined: the use of inorganic nanoparticles; the use of polymeric coatings; and, finally, the generation of nanotextures.

Type 1 diabetes affects the brain functional connectivity underlying working memory processing.

Visuospatial working memory (VSWM) deficits have been demonstrated to occur during the development of type-1-diabetes (T1D). Despite confirming the early appearance of distinct task-related brain activation patterns in T1D patients compared to healthy controls, the effect of VSWM load on functional brain connectivity during task performance is still unknown. Using electroencephalographic methods, the present study evaluated this topic in clinically well-controlled T1D young patients and healthy individuals, while they performed a VSWM task with different memory load levels during two main VSWM processing phases: encoding and maintenance. The results showed a significantly lower number of correct responses and longer reaction times in T1D while performing the task. Besides, higher and progressively increasing functional connectivity indices were found for T1D patients in response to cumulative degrees of VSWM load, from the beginning of the VSWM encoding phase, without notably affecting the VSWM maintenance phase. In contrast, healthy controls managed to solve the task, showing lower functional brain connectivity during the initial VSWM processing steps with more gradual task-related adjustments. Present results suggest that T1D patients anticipate high VSWM load demands by early recruiting supplementary processing resources as the probable expression of a more inefficient, though paradoxically better adjusted to task demands cognitive strategy.

Multilayer Network Approach in EEG Motor Imagery with an Adaptive Threshold.

The brain has been understood as an interconnected neural network generally modeled as a graph to outline the functional topology and dynamics of brain processes. Classic graph modeling is based on single-layer models that constrain the traits conveyed to trace brain topologies. Multilayer modeling, in contrast, makes it possible to build whole-brain models by integrating features of various kinds. The aim of this work was to analyze EEG dynamics studies while gathering motor imagery data through single-layer and multilayer network modeling. The motor imagery database used consists of 18 EEG recordings of four motor imagery tasks: left hand, right hand, feet, and tongue. Brain connectivity was estimated by calculating the coherence adjacency matrices from each electrophysiological band (δ, θ, α and ß) from brain areas and then embedding them by considering each band as a single-layer graph and a layer of the multilayer brain models. Constructing a reliable multilayer network topology requires a threshold that distinguishes effective connections from spurious ones. For this reason, two thresholds were implemented, the classic fixed (average) one and Otsu's version. The latter is a new proposal for an adaptive threshold that offers reliable insight into brain topology and dynamics. Findings from the brain network models suggest that frontal and parietal brain regions are involved in motor imagery tasks.

Incidence of post-anesthetic respiratory complications in pediatrics. Observational, single-center study in Medellin, Colombia / Incidencia de complicaciones respiratorias postanestésicas en pacientes pediátricos. Estudio observacional en un hospital en Medellín, Colombia

Abstract Introduction: Post-anesthetic complications, particularly respiratory complications, continue to be a source of concern due to their high frequency, particularly in pediatrics. Objective: To describe the incidence of respiratory complications in the post-anesthesia care unit of an intermediate complexity center during a six-month period, and to explore the variables associated with major respiratory complications. Materials and Methods: Retrospective cohort study based on clinical record reviews. The records of the post-anesthesia care unit of an intermediate complexity pediatric institution located in Medellin, Colombia, were reviewed. This center uses a nursing-based care model that includes patient extubation in the post-anesthesia care unit. Results: The records of 1181 patients were analyzed. The cumulative incidences of major complications were bronchospasm 1.44%, laryngospasm 0.68% and respiratory depression 0.59%. There were no cases of cardiac arrest or acute pulmonary edema. A history of respiratory infection less than 15 days before the procedure, rhinitis and female sex were associated with major respiratory complications. Conclusions: A low frequency of respiratory complications was found during care provided by nursing staff trained in anesthesia recovery and pediatric airway in the post-anesthesia care unit.

Resumen Introducción: Las complicaciones postanestésicas, especialmente las respiratorias, siguen siendo causa de preocupación por su alta frecuencia, en particular, en la población pediátrica. Objetivo: Describir la incidencia de complicaciones respiratorias en la unidad de cuidados postanestésicos de una institución de mediana complejidad, en un período de seis meses y explorar las variables relacionadas con las complicaciones respiratorias mayores. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de cohorte retrospectivo, basado en la valoración de historias clínicas. Se revisaron los registros de la unidad de cuidados postanestésicos de una institución pediátrica de mediana complejidad ubicada en Medellín. Esta institución utiliza un modelo de atención -basado en enfermería- que incluye la extubación del paciente en la unidad de cuidados postanestésicos. Resultados: Se analizaron los registros de 1181 pacientes. La incidencia acumulada de complicaciones mayores fue: broncoespasmo 1,44 %, laringoespasmo 0,68 % y depresión respiratoria 0,59 %. No se presentaron casos de paro cardiaco ni de edema agudo de pulmón. El antecedente de infección respiratoria menor a 15 días, rinitis y sexo femenino se asociaron con complicaciones respiratorias mayores. Conclusiones: Durante la atención en la unidad de cuidados postanestésicos por parte del personal de enfermería entrenado en la recuperación de la anestesia y de la vía aérea de los pacientes pediátricos, se encontró una baja frecuencia de complicaciones respiratorias.

Inhibitory control under emotional contexts in women with borderline personality disorder: An electrophysiological study.

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is characterized by emotional dysregulation and difficulties in cognitive control. Inhibitory control, meanwhile, is modulated by the presence of emotional stimuli. The objective of the present study was to examine the effects of implicit emotional contexts on response inhibition in BPD patients. Participants performed a response inhibition task (Go-NoGo) under 3 background context conditions: neutral, pleasant and unpleasant. Behavioral performance did not differed between groups. Significantly higher P3NoGo amplitudes, shorter N2 latencies and lower global connectivity were observed in the patients regardless of the emotional valence of the background images compared to controls. In addition, higher P3NoGo amplitudes were correlated with more pronounced psychopathological symptoms. Emotional contexts enhanced N2 amplitudes compared to neutral ones in both groups. Results indicate that BPD required greater neural effort to successfully perform the inhibitory task. Finally, BPD showed lower synchronization between cortical regions, which may indicate a disruption in the effective temporal coupling of distributed areas associated with emotional stimuli-processing during both response and response inhibition.

Effects of Three Herbs on Methane Emissions from Beef Cattle.

The objectives of the present work were to evaluate the in vivo antimethanogenic effects of Cymbopogon citratus (CC), Matricaria chamomilla (MC) and Cosmos bipinnatus (CB) on beef cattle fed a high in concentrate diet (forage-to-concentrate ratio [F:C] of 19.4:80.6), and the effects of increasing levels of CC (0%, 2%, 3%, and 4% of the daily DM intake (DMI)) on enteric CH4 emissions by beef cattle fed a ration low in concentrate (F:C ratio of 49.3:50.7). Two experiments were conducted to address the objectives. For the first experiment, eight Charolais × Brown Swiss steers distributed in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square experimental design were used. Four treatments were evaluated: (1) control diet (CO), (2) CO + 365 g dry matter (DM)/d CB, (3) CO + 365 g DM/d MC, (4) CO + 100 g DM/d CC. For Experiment 2, four Charolais x Brown Swiss steers distributed in a single 4 × 4 Latin square design were used. It was concluded that 100 g DM per day CC and 365 g DM per day CB (Experiment 1) reduced CH4 yield of beef cattle. In Experiment 2, CC supplementation levels exceeding 2% of DMI reduced daily CH4 emissions but at the expense of decreasing digestibility of DM.

Frequency spectra characterization of noncoding human genomic sequences.

BACKGROUND: Noncoding sequences have been demonstrated to possess regulatory functions. Its classification is challenging because they do not show well-defined nucleotide patterns that can correlate with their biological functions. Genomic signal processing techniques like Fourier transform have been employed to characterize coding and noncoding sequences. This transformation in a systematic whole-genome noncoding library, such as the ENCODE database, can provide evidence of a periodic behaviour in the noncoding sequences that correlates with their regulatory functions. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to classify different noncoding regulatory regions through their frequency spectra. METHODS: We computed machine learning algorithms to classify the noncoding regulatory sequences frequency spectra. RESULTS: The sequences from different regulatory regions, cell lines, and chromosomes possessed distinct frequency spectra, and that machine learning classifiers (such as those of the support vector machine type) could successfully discriminate among regulatory regions, thus correlating the frequency spectra with their biological functions CONCLUSION: Our work supports the idea that there are patterns in the noncoding sequences of the genome.

Association Between ABCB1 Genetic Variants and Persistent Chemotherapy-Induced Alopecia in Women With Breast Cancer.

Importance: Persistent chemotherapy-induced alopecia (pCIA) has been recently described in patients with breast cancer and in its most severe form occurs in up to 10% of these patients. Genetic risk factors associated with pCIA have not been adequately explored. Objective: To identify genetic variants associated with pCIA. Design, Setting, and Participants: In this genetic association study, 215 women with breast cancer treated with docetaxel-based chemotherapy with a follow-up of 1.5 to 10 years after the end of the treatment were recruited retrospectively through 3 hospital oncology units across Spain between 2005 and 2018. Severe pCIA was defined as lack of scalp hair recovery (Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, version 3.0, grade 2) 18 months or more after the end of treatment. Patients with grade 2 pCIA were selected as cases, and those with no sign of residual alopecia 12 months after the end of docetaxel treatment were selected as controls. A genome-wide association study in a discovery phase was conducted, and logistic regression was used to identify variants associated with the risk to develop this adverse effect. The validity of the association was addressed through a replication phase. Exposures: Docetaxel-based chemotherapy. Main Outcomes and Measures: Genotypes of single-nucleotide variants associated with pCIA. Results: In total, 215 women with breast cancer (median age, 51.6 years; interquartile range, 44-60 years) were recruited (173 patients for the discovery phase and 42 patients for the replication phase). In the discovery phase, ABCB1 genetic variants were associated with risk to develop pCIA. In particular, single-nucleotide variation rs1202179, a regulatory variant located in an enhancer element that interacts with the ABCB1 promoter, was associated with the occurrence of pCIA. This finding was validated in the replication cohort (combined odds ratio, 4.05; 95% CI, 2.46-6.67; P = 3.946 × 10-8). This variant is associated with ABCB1 mRNA expression, and the risk allele was associated with decreased ABCB1 expression levels (P = 1.64 × 10-20). Conclusions and Relevance: This is the first study, to our knowledge, that identifies an association between a regulatory variant in the ABCB1 gene and the occurrence of pCIA in patients with breast cancer who were treated with docetaxel-based therapies. This finding suggests an important insight into the biological mechanisms underlying pCIA and opens the opportunity to explore personalized treatment of these patients.

Construction and Operation of a Respiration Chamber of the Head-Box Type for Methane Measurement from Cattle.

This paper aims to describe the construction and operation of a respiration chamber of the head-box type for methane (CH4) measurements in bovines. The system consists of (1) a head box with a stainless steel frame and acrylic walls, floor, and ceiling; (2) a stainless steel feeder; (3) an automatic drinking water bowl; (4) a hood made from reinforced canvas; (5) an infrared (IR) CH4 gas analyzer, a mass flow generator, a data-acquisition system; and (6) a steel metabolic box. Six assays were conducted to determine the pure CH4 recovery rate of the whole system in order to validate it and comply with standards of chamber operation. The gravimetrical method was used for the recovery test and the recovery rate obtained was 1.04 ± 0.05. Once the system was calibrated, measurements of CH4 were conducted using eight animals consisting of four Holstein cows with a live weight of 593.8 ± 51 kg and an average milk yield of 23.3 ± 1.8 kg d-1 and four heifers with a live weight of 339 ± 28 kg. The CH4 production values were 687 ± 123 and 248 ± 40 L CH4 d-1 for cows and heifers, respectively. The CH4 yield was 19.7 ± 3.4 g and 17.1 ± 3.4 g CH4 kg-1 of dry matter consumed for cows and heifers, respectively. These results are consistent with those reported in the literature.

Whole-Genome k-mer Topic Modeling AssociatesBacterial Families.

Alignment-free k-mer-based algorithms in whole genome sequence comparisons remainan ongoing challenge. Here, we explore the possibility to use Topic Modeling for organismwhole-genome comparisons. We analyzed 30 complete genomes from three bacterial families bytopic modeling. For this, each genome was considered as a document and 13-mer nucleotiderepresentations as words. Latent Dirichlet allocation was used as the probabilistic modeling of thecorpus. We where able to identify the topic distribution among analyzed genomes, which is highlyconsistent with traditional hierarchical classification. It is possible that topic modeling may be appliedto establish relationships between genome's composition and biological phenomena.

Type-1 diabetes shapes working memory processing strategies.

BACKGROUND: Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent hypo- and hyperglycemic episodes, whose clinical development has been associated with cognitive and working memory (WM) deficits. OBJECTIVE: To contrast quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) measures between young patients with T1D and healthy controls while performing a visuospatial WM task with two memory load levels and facial emotional stimuli. METHODS: Four or five neutral or happy faces were sequentially and pseudo-randomly presented in different spatial locations, followed by subsequent sequences displaying the reversed spatial order or any other. Participants were instructed to discriminate between these two alternatives during EEG recording. RESULTS: A significant increase in the absolute power of the delta and theta bands, distributed mainly over the frontal region was found during task execution, with a slight decrease of alpha band power in both groups but mainly in control individuals. However, these changes were more pronounced in the T1D patients, and reached their maximum level during the WM encoding phase, even on trials with the lower memory load. In contrast, changes seemed to occur more gradually in controls and results differed significantly only on the trials with the higher WM load. CONCLUSIONS: These results reflect adaptive WM-processing mechanisms in which cognitive strategies have evolved in T1D patients in order to meet task demands.